Forwarded from VK IAS- prelims (UPSC highlights)
#SnT
✅Black hole triple system
🅾️Firstly read this- Life cycle of a star- https://youtu.be/f2SUWOkzTlc
🅾️Binary vs Triple system : Binary systems consist of two gravitationally bound objects, like a black hole and one star, orbiting around a common center of mass. A triple system involves three objects bound by gravity, which is less stable than a binary system because of the complex gravitational interactions among three bodies.
🅾️Why Are Triple Systems Unusual for Black Holes?-Because supernova explosions usually disrupts nearby objects, scattering them, so it’s unusual for two stars to remain gravitationally bound
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
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✅Black hole triple system
🅾️Firstly read this- Life cycle of a star- https://youtu.be/f2SUWOkzTlc
🅾️Binary vs Triple system : Binary systems consist of two gravitationally bound objects, like a black hole and one star, orbiting around a common center of mass. A triple system involves three objects bound by gravity, which is less stable than a binary system because of the complex gravitational interactions among three bodies.
🅾️Why Are Triple Systems Unusual for Black Holes?-Because supernova explosions usually disrupts nearby objects, scattering them, so it’s unusual for two stars to remain gravitationally bound
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Inflation
🅾️Focus of the article : how food inflation and consumer demand are affecting rural and urban areas differently
🅾️Negative impact in rural areas- rural households spend a larger portion of their income on essential items like food.
⚠️Interesting trend-rural India are buying more products, even as prices are rising-Ex:increase in the sale of automobiles (two-wheelers, tractors, etc.)
🅾️In short, rural India is buying more, but food price rises are affecting them more deeply compared to urban India.
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🅾️Focus of the article : how food inflation and consumer demand are affecting rural and urban areas differently
🅾️Negative impact in rural areas- rural households spend a larger portion of their income on essential items like food.
⚠️Interesting trend-rural India are buying more products, even as prices are rising-Ex:increase in the sale of automobiles (two-wheelers, tractors, etc.)
🅾️In short, rural India is buying more, but food price rises are affecting them more deeply compared to urban India.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Energy security- Clean fuels
➡️National Biofuel policy and Ethanol blending program- Click here
🅾️What is the point of this article?- Biomass power is an underutilized energy resource in India- So we need to promote National Bioenergy Programme (NBP)
🅾️Use cases : Biomass has the potential to produce biogas, biofuels, and compressed natural gas (CNG), which can support India’s transportation and agricultural sectors. There is also demand for bio-based products like fertilizers-The government is targeting 15% blending of green hydrogen with natural gas by 2025 and aims to establish bio-CNG as an alternative fuel source. This demonstrates that biomass could significantly contribute to energy independence if effectively utilized.
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➡️National Biofuel policy and Ethanol blending program- Click here
🅾️What is the point of this article?- Biomass power is an underutilized energy resource in India- So we need to promote National Bioenergy Programme (NBP)
🅾️Use cases : Biomass has the potential to produce biogas, biofuels, and compressed natural gas (CNG), which can support India’s transportation and agricultural sectors. There is also demand for bio-based products like fertilizers-The government is targeting 15% blending of green hydrogen with natural gas by 2025 and aims to establish bio-CNG as an alternative fuel source. This demonstrates that biomass could significantly contribute to energy independence if effectively utilized.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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image_2024-11-04_09-33-45.png
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✅Gs-3 : Environment- Pollution
🅾️Telangana State Govt has an ambitious plan of rejuvenating River Musi- Click here
🅾️Takeaway from Rhine river water pollution management case study :
⚜️1. Comprehensive Pollution Control Measures- Wastewater Treatment Plants+ Industrial Discharge Regulations
⚜️2. Focus on Ecosystem Restoration and Community Integration-preserving riverine biodiversity-enhances both ecological health and local economies
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🅾️Telangana State Govt has an ambitious plan of rejuvenating River Musi- Click here
🅾️Takeaway from Rhine river water pollution management case study :
⚜️1. Comprehensive Pollution Control Measures- Wastewater Treatment Plants+ Industrial Discharge Regulations
⚜️2. Focus on Ecosystem Restoration and Community Integration-preserving riverine biodiversity-enhances both ecological health and local economies
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✅Gs-3 : Conservation- Coastal Zone Management Plan of Kerala- It is a very old news but back in news again now - Click here
🅾️(MoEF&CC) issues CRZ Notifications under the Section 5 of the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986-> National Coastal Zone Management Authority (NCZMA): This body oversees the implementation of CRZ regulations nationwide and provides guidance to State Coastal Zone Management Authorities (SCZMAs).
🅾️What role will states have?- Each coastal state constitutes an SCZMA responsible for enforcing CRZ regulations within its jurisdiction.States are tasked with preparing CZMPs that align with national CRZ guidelines.States draft CZMPs and submit them to the MoEF&CC for approval.
⚠️In 2024, the Kerala Government submitted its revised CZMP to the MoEF&CC, seeking relaxations - it was approved. The MoEF&CC retains the right to approve, modify, or reject state-submitted CZMPs.
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🅾️(MoEF&CC) issues CRZ Notifications under the Section 5 of the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986-> National Coastal Zone Management Authority (NCZMA): This body oversees the implementation of CRZ regulations nationwide and provides guidance to State Coastal Zone Management Authorities (SCZMAs).
🅾️What role will states have?- Each coastal state constitutes an SCZMA responsible for enforcing CRZ regulations within its jurisdiction.States are tasked with preparing CZMPs that align with national CRZ guidelines.States draft CZMPs and submit them to the MoEF&CC for approval.
⚠️In 2024, the Kerala Government submitted its revised CZMP to the MoEF&CC, seeking relaxations - it was approved. The MoEF&CC retains the right to approve, modify, or reject state-submitted CZMPs.
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✅Gs-1 : Indian Society- Urbanization
🅾️ Trajectory of Indian Urbanization- India's urbanization has been "poverty-driven.Economic distress, not industrialization, has pushed rural and peri-urban populations into cities.
🔰Mains problems of Indian cities
⚜️Spatial Planning Challenges- Click here
⚜️Pollution and Climate Vulnerability- Click here
⚜️Inequality and Housing Issues- Click here
⚜️Governance Gaps- Click here
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🅾️ Trajectory of Indian Urbanization- India's urbanization has been "poverty-driven.Economic distress, not industrialization, has pushed rural and peri-urban populations into cities.
🔰Mains problems of Indian cities
⚜️Spatial Planning Challenges- Click here
⚜️Pollution and Climate Vulnerability- Click here
⚜️Inequality and Housing Issues- Click here
⚜️Governance Gaps- Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
image_2024-11-05_11-34-41.png
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✅Gs2- Fundamental rights- What do you mean by affirmative action?
🅾️Context : The Supreme Court's upcoming Davinder Singh verdict has the potential to redefine the scope of affirmative action in India- MUST READ- Click here
⚜️SC Sub classification- Notes- https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PDF_notes/172
🅾️Challenges with Current System is Uneven Distribution: Top 20% of SC subgroups capture around 40% of reservation benefits. Dominant groups within SCs show higher educational attainment and asset ownership compared to marginalized SC subgroups
🅾️The authors suggests that Empowerment should go beyond mere reservation policies- Dimensions you need to focus on - Click here
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🅾️Context : The Supreme Court's upcoming Davinder Singh verdict has the potential to redefine the scope of affirmative action in India- MUST READ- Click here
⚜️SC Sub classification- Notes- https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PDF_notes/172
🅾️Challenges with Current System is Uneven Distribution: Top 20% of SC subgroups capture around 40% of reservation benefits. Dominant groups within SCs show higher educational attainment and asset ownership compared to marginalized SC subgroups
🅾️The authors suggests that Empowerment should go beyond mere reservation policies- Dimensions you need to focus on - Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅ Gs3- Infrastructure- railway reforms
🅾️Dedicated freight corridor DFCs reduce freight costs by up to 0.5%, boosting GDP and generating revenue, contributing to a 2.94% rise in Railways' revenue between FY 2022-23 and FY 2018-19.Lower transport costs strengthen industries and agriculture by enabling cheaper, faster distribution. This is vital for India’s National Rail Plan target to raise rail freight share to 45% by 2030, aligning with goals of inclusive growth.- click here
🅾️National rail plan - click here
🅾️Broader framework for railway reforms- 8 reforms suggested by bibek debroy committee on railway restructuring and update on them.- Click here
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🅾️Dedicated freight corridor DFCs reduce freight costs by up to 0.5%, boosting GDP and generating revenue, contributing to a 2.94% rise in Railways' revenue between FY 2022-23 and FY 2018-19.Lower transport costs strengthen industries and agriculture by enabling cheaper, faster distribution. This is vital for India’s National Rail Plan target to raise rail freight share to 45% by 2030, aligning with goals of inclusive growth.- click here
🅾️National rail plan - click here
🅾️Broader framework for railway reforms- 8 reforms suggested by bibek debroy committee on railway restructuring and update on them.- Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of Resources- Credit growth and deposit growth
🅾️A slowing credit growth can signal a possible deceleration in economic activity since businesses may find it harder to obtain loans for expansion.
🅾️The focus on deposits reflects a cautious sentiment among investors and households, possibly preferring savings over investments in uncertain economic conditions.
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🅾️A slowing credit growth can signal a possible deceleration in economic activity since businesses may find it harder to obtain loans for expansion.
🅾️The focus on deposits reflects a cautious sentiment among investors and households, possibly preferring savings over investments in uncertain economic conditions.
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image_2024-11-07_09-03-11.png
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Minority Rights
🅾️Funda that we must not forget- Education laws must balance the state's interest in standardizing educational norms and protecting minority rights to maintain secularism and religious freedom.
⚠️Legal question here?- Whether the U.P. Madrasa Act's provision allowing madrasas to award degrees up to post-graduate level infringed on the UGC Act of 1956 and other educational norms.
🔰SC answer- Yes it did- this was found to be in breach of the UGC Act, which standardizes higher education in India. Minority institutions have the right to manage their educational affairs, this right DOES NOT extend to functions that are regulated under uniform laws like the UGC Act.
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🅾️Funda that we must not forget- Education laws must balance the state's interest in standardizing educational norms and protecting minority rights to maintain secularism and religious freedom.
⚠️Legal question here?- Whether the U.P. Madrasa Act's provision allowing madrasas to award degrees up to post-graduate level infringed on the UGC Act of 1956 and other educational norms.
🔰SC answer- Yes it did- this was found to be in breach of the UGC Act, which standardizes higher education in India. Minority institutions have the right to manage their educational affairs, this right DOES NOT extend to functions that are regulated under uniform laws like the UGC Act.
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✅Gs-3 : Econmic growth- MUST READ- This is a timeless article- For all stages of the exam!
🅾️What is middle income trap?
🅾️Structural Challenges: Issues such as income inequality, low productivity growth, insufficient industrial diversification, and a reliance on labor-intensive sectors context- read this
⚠️How to Avoid the Middle-Income Trap?
⚜️1. Improved Institutions: -> economic nobel prize- Role of Institutions in growth
⚜️2. Focus on Human Capital: Click here
⚜️3. Industrial and Export Diversification- Rural manufacturing+ Reorient Exports via FTA renegotiation
⚜️4. Infrastructure and Technological Advancements:
4.1- Physical Infrastructure - Click here for exact context
4.2 -Digital infrastructure - Composable Architecture- Digital India
4.3- Importance of science and tech- R&D
⚜️5. Sustainability and Environmental Policies: LT- LEDS- click here
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🅾️What is middle income trap?
🅾️Structural Challenges: Issues such as income inequality, low productivity growth, insufficient industrial diversification, and a reliance on labor-intensive sectors context- read this
⚠️How to Avoid the Middle-Income Trap?
⚜️1. Improved Institutions: -> economic nobel prize- Role of Institutions in growth
⚜️2. Focus on Human Capital: Click here
⚜️3. Industrial and Export Diversification- Rural manufacturing+ Reorient Exports via FTA renegotiation
⚜️4. Infrastructure and Technological Advancements:
4.1- Physical Infrastructure - Click here for exact context
4.2 -Digital infrastructure - Composable Architecture- Digital India
4.3- Importance of science and tech- R&D
⚜️5. Sustainability and Environmental Policies: LT- LEDS- click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights - Status of Right to property
🅾️Context?- Article 31 of the Constitution initially guaranteed the right to property as a Fundamental Right but was repealed by the 44th Amendment in 1978, relegating it to a legal right under Article 300A.
⚜️Article 39(b) emphasizes that material resources of the community must be controlled to serve the "common good."The scope of "material resource of the community" is interpreted to include public resources that have a broad impact on community welfare (e.g., forests, minerals).
🔰Recent Supreme Court ruling shifted from asocialist economic model to a liberalized economy perspective , limiting the state's power to acquire personal effects for redistribution unless justified by public necessity.
⚜️⚠️Implication?- The evolution underscores a shift fromstate-centric to market-oriented governance
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🅾️Context?- Article 31 of the Constitution initially guaranteed the right to property as a Fundamental Right but was repealed by the 44th Amendment in 1978, relegating it to a legal right under Article 300A.
⚜️Article 39(b) emphasizes that material resources of the community must be controlled to serve the "common good."The scope of "material resource of the community" is interpreted to include public resources that have a broad impact on community welfare (e.g., forests, minerals).
🔰Recent Supreme Court ruling shifted from a
⚜️⚠️Implication?- The evolution underscores a shift from
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Inclusive Growth- Corporate Social Responsibility
🅾️CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) is mandated under Section 135 of the Companies Act 2013, promoting private sector participation in sustainable development.
🅾️Agriculture, employing nearly 47% of India’s workforce and contributing 16.73% to GDP, requires substantial CSR support, especially for climate resilience and sustainability.
⚠️Issue ?- 23% of surveyed companies have prioritized "environment and sustainability" in their CSR spending, indicating a shift towards integrating agriculture in sustainability efforts- But there is an absence of targeted reporting mechanisms
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🅾️CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) is mandated under Section 135 of the Companies Act 2013, promoting private sector participation in sustainable development.
🅾️Agriculture, employing nearly 47% of India’s workforce and contributing 16.73% to GDP, requires substantial CSR support, especially for climate resilience and sustainability.
⚠️Issue ?- 23% of surveyed companies have prioritized "environment and sustainability" in their CSR spending, indicating a shift towards integrating agriculture in sustainability efforts- But there is an absence of targeted reporting mechanisms
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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#Geography
✅Gs-1 : Geography- Planned urbanization- Why India needs to build new towns?
✅Gs-3 : Economy- Infrastructure- Smart Industrial cities- National Industrial Corridor program
🅾️Take away from this article?
🌟 Link between MSME and NICP - Using MSMEs for Inclusive growth through digital India
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✅Gs-1 : Geography- Planned urbanization- Why India needs to build new towns?
✅Gs-3 : Economy- Infrastructure- Smart Industrial cities- National Industrial Corridor program
🅾️Take away from this article?
🌟 Link between MSME and NICP - Using MSMEs for Inclusive growth through digital India
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
image_2024-11-09_09-00-35.png
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- debate on minority rights - AMU case
⚠️Legal interpretation uses both literal and purposive approaches.
🅾️The literal approach Azeez Basha case(1967),- AMU not a minority institution-Why?-> AMU is estd by Parliament- not muslim community
⚜️1981 AMU Amendment Act- AMU's minority status retained-> But fundamental question remained: Is the act of establishment the sole criterion for minority status, or should the institution's purpose and functioning be considered?
🅾️2024- SC's Purposive approach- new “holistic and realistic” test - > purpose over mere technicality
🌟1. Establishment Criterion: Whether the institution was originally set up for the benefit of a minority.
🌟2. Administrative Control and Function: Whether it continues to serve the educational and cultural needs of that minority, aligning with the spirit of Articles 29 and 30.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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⚠️Legal interpretation uses both literal and purposive approaches.
🅾️The literal approach Azeez Basha case(1967),- AMU not a minority institution-Why?-> AMU is estd by Parliament- not muslim community
⚜️1981 AMU Amendment Act- AMU's minority status retained-> But fundamental question remained: I
🅾️2024- SC's Purposive approach- new “holistic and realistic” test - > purpose over mere technicality
🌟1. Establishment Criterion: Whether the institution was originally set up for the benefit of a minority.
🌟2. Administrative Control and Function: Whether it continues to serve the educational and cultural needs of that minority, aligning with the spirit of Articles 29 and 30.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs3- power-Infra- Renewable energy - Wind Energy
🅾️What is the funda here?- Wind turbines convert wind energy into electricity, but as these machines age, their efficiency declines, meaning they produce less energy than newer, more advanced turbines.
Tamil Nadu, a leader in wind energy in India, has many turbines over 30 years old, limiting their output and reliability
🅾️Core Solutions -
⚜️1. Repowering- replacing older, smaller turbines (those over 15 years old and <2 MW capacity) with newer, higher-capacity turbines and
⚜️2. Refurbishment: Upgrades specific components to extend the lifespan and improve the efficiency of existing turbines. This option is cost-effective and minimizes installation challenges
🅾️Challenges in Implementing : Financial Viability
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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🅾️What is the funda here?- Wind turbines convert wind energy into electricity, but as these machines age, their efficiency declines, meaning they produce less energy than newer, more advanced turbines.
Tamil Nadu, a leader in wind energy in India, has many turbines over 30 years old, limiting their output and reliability
🅾️Core Solutions -
⚜️1. Repowering- replacing older, smaller turbines (those over 15 years old and <2 MW capacity) with newer, higher-capacity turbines and
⚜️2. Refurbishment: Upgrades specific components to extend the lifespan and improve the efficiency of existing turbines. This option is cost-effective and minimizes installation challenges
🅾️Challenges in Implementing : Financial Viability
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Inclusive growth/ Economic development
🔰Present strategy to achieve Inclusive growth
⚜️1) Reservations- Click here
⚜️2) Freebies- Click here
⚠️Both the above issues are referred to the courts- how to deal with this?- Now for this answer- Click here and also this article- Freebies should not be banned outright but regulated to ensure they are economically viable and targeted towards those who genuinely need them. Emphasis should be on sustainable development policies that promote long-term social and economic well-being.
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🔰Present strategy to achieve Inclusive growth
⚜️1) Reservations- Click here
⚜️2) Freebies- Click here
⚠️Both the above issues are referred to the courts- how to deal with this?- Now for this answer- Click here and also this article- Freebies should not be banned outright but regulated to ensure they are economically viable and targeted towards those who genuinely need them. Emphasis should be on sustainable development policies that promote long-term social and economic well-being.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from UPSC Ethics by VK IAS
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✅Gs-4 : Ethical dilemmas- Concept of freewill
🅾️At its core, free will is the ability to make choices without being constrained by external forces (physical, social, or psychological).
🅾️So what is the issue?- Humans are often limited by various factors—biological needs, societal pressures, legal frameworks, and personal relationship
🅾️Freedom can be both personal (one's ability to make individual choices) and social (freedom within society). However, society often prioritizes collective harmony over individual freedom
⚠️BUT- From an evolutionary perspective, freedom (to a degree) enables humans to adapt and cooperate for survival. However, absolute freedom could disrupt social cohesion
🚫Freedom is shaped by our biology, society, and moral beliefs, making the "will" semi-free—free within the limits imposed by our environment and nature.
✅Join Ethics and Essay channel : https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️At its core, free will is the ability to make choices without being constrained by external forces (physical, social, or psychological).
🅾️So what is the issue?- Humans are often limited by various factors—biological needs, societal pressures, legal frameworks, and personal relationship
🅾️Freedom can be both personal (one's ability to make individual choices) and social (freedom within society). However, society often prioritizes collective harmony over individual freedom
⚠️BUT- From an evolutionary perspective, freedom (to a degree) enables humans to adapt and cooperate for survival. However, absolute freedom could disrupt social cohesion
🚫Freedom is shaped by our biology, society, and moral beliefs, making the "will" semi-free—free within the limits imposed by our environment and nature.
✅Join Ethics and Essay channel : https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Climate change- Cop 29 Negotiations
🅾️ Baku, Azerbaijan
🔰Agenda : There are ongoing disagreements on how much should be raised, who should contribute, and how effectively funds are deployed to tackle climate change impacts globally. This is because, COP has been criticized for inadequate emission cuts, failure to meet the 1.5°C or 2°C targets, and unmet financial commitments.
⚜️Single point agenda- New climate finance target called the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)- You can read why this is the only agenda - in the context of OECD report on climate finance
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🅾️ Baku, Azerbaijan
🔰Agenda : There are ongoing disagreements on how much should be raised, who should contribute, and how effectively funds are deployed to tackle climate change impacts globally. This is because, COP has been criticized for inadequate emission cuts, failure to meet the 1.5°C or 2°C targets, and unmet financial commitments.
⚜️Single point agenda- New climate finance target called the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)- You can read why this is the only agenda - in the context of OECD report on climate finance
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental rights- Due process of law- Issue of Bulldozer justice
🅾️ Supreme Court has set specific standards for demolitions linked to criminal accusations.
🅾️This ruling reinforces that the state has the power to act against crime but these actions must not violate individual rights or exceed legal authority.
⚜️Any demolition action must be carefully justified, legally sanctioned, and executed transparently, ensuring the balance between state power and individual rights.
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🅾️ Supreme Court has set specific standards for demolitions linked to criminal accusations.
🅾️This ruling reinforces that the state has the power to act against crime but these actions must not violate individual rights or exceed legal authority.
⚜️Any demolition action must be carefully justified, legally sanctioned, and executed transparently, ensuring the balance between state power and individual rights.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel